PPSC Lecturers Commerce Preparation Materials at the one place 1Nov2020

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Respected Members,

Here is some data for the preparation. Hope it will help you to be prepare for the exam of Punjab Public Service Commission ...

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PPSC special for Lecturer Commerce 

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 something more 

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Price Elasticity of Demand=P€d = Percentage change in Quantity Demanded/ Percentage change in Price

 

Price Elasticity of supply=P€s = Percentage change in Quantity Supplied/ Percentage change in Price

  

 

Income Elasticity of Demand: Price Elasticity of Supply: Y€d = Percentage change in Quantity demanded/ Percentage change in Income

 

Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand: Pb€da = Percentage change in Demand for good a/ Percentage change in Price of good b

 

The quadratic demand function: Qd = 60 – 15P + P2

 

The formula of elasticity = (dQ / dP) (P/Q)

 

MARGINAL RATE OF SUBSTITUTION= MRS= dY = MUX

                                                                                dX     MUY

Profit=TR-TC

 

Average physical product =APP = TPPF/QF

 

Marginal physical product= ΔTPPF/ΔQF or MPPx=MPPL

                                                                         PX        PL

 

MARGINAL RATE OF TECHNICAL SUBSTITUTION= MRTS = Δ K/ Δ L

 

Total Cost (TC)= FC + VC

 

Average variable cost (AVC) = TVC/Q

 

Average fixed cost (AFC)= TFC/Q

 

MARGINAL COST (MC)= ΔTC/ΔQ

 

Total revenue=TR = P x Q.

   

Average revenue= AR = TR/Q

 

Marginal revenue= ΔTR/ΔQ

 

Slope of AR = dAR / dQ

 

Slope of MR = dMR / dQ

 

Net present value = PV – Purchase cost

   

Value added or GDP: Value of transaction

 

GDP = Sum of the value added by each of the firms

 

Growth rate of per capita income = Growth rate of total output - Growth rate of population

    

GDP Deflator = Nominal GDP / Real GDP

 

NNP = GNP – Depreciation allowance

    

GNP = GDP + Net factor incomes from abroad

 

NDP = GDP – Depreciation allowance

    

GDP at factor cost = GDP at market price – Indirect taxes

 

Per capita income= national income/ Total population of that country

   

NNP = GNP – Depreciation allowance

 

Real GDP year a = Nominal GDP year a X (Price Index base year / Price Index year a)

 

Growth rate in nominal GDP = Nominal GDP in year2- Nominal GDP in year1

 

AD = C + I + G + (X-M)

 

AD = AS, C + S + T = C + I + G + X – M

 

Y = AD = AS

  

Income = Expenditure = Output

 

Withdrawal = Injection= S + T + M = I + G + X

 

Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC)= 1 – MPS or ΔC / ΔYd

 

Average propensity to consume (APC)= 1 – APS or C / Yd

 

Marginal propensity to save= MPS = 1 – MPC or MPS = ΔS / ΔYd

 

Average propensity to save= APS = 1 – APC or S / Yd

 

Real exchange rate= C = RER = PF x NER

                                                    PD

MULTIPLIER=k=1/(1-MPC)

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+++Shamp y RANA Girl++ .. nahi mera subject wo nahi too,, oskay collect nahi kiyee,,