CS507 Information Systems Solved MCQs / Online Quizzes Mega Discussion For Solved MCQs

[+ M.Tariq Malik]

CS507 Information Systems Solved MCQs / Online Quizzes Mega Discussion For Solved MCQs

CS507 Virtual University MCQs BANK - MCQs Collection from Online Quizzes

CS507 Information Systems Solved MCQs

Question # 1 of 10 
Information should be tailored in accordance with the organization’s culture and structure.
True
False

 

system is a group of ------------------------------that are integrated with the common purpose of achieving an objective. 
Information 
Data Sets 
Elements 
Data and information
 

Suppliers also has the ability to explain the line of reasoning in reaching a particular solution, which ______ does not have. 
DSS, MIS 
OLAP, KSS 
KSS, DSS 
GDSS, DSS 

Which of the following is the mental process of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning and judgment? 
CCN 
Product development process 
Cognitive process 
Planning process

The organizational structures are formulated in order to efficiently manage the --- 
Business Operations 
Business Size 
Business Cost 
Business Processes

 

information is available in manufacturing information system. 
Sales 
Purchase 
Stock 
Product

 

Which of the following is a set of management and control activities which focus on quality assurance?
CIM
MRP
QTM
TQM 

 

Which of the following have collection of predefined Procedures related to each other in a sequenced logical manner in order to collectively achieve the desired results. 
Information System 
System (correct)
Organization 
None of above options

 

The information from the system not used for control purpose called------------------ 
Open loop system 
Closed loop system 
Open end System 
Open and close system

 

The concept of incremental decision making is introduced by the___________ model. 
Rational Man 
Garbage Can 
Muddling through 
Irrational Man

Factors of -------------are basic elements of reducing manufacturing cost 
Production
Quality 
Brand 
Cost

 

Information technology is being used to overcome the business issues like, Marketing, Brand of the product, Quality of the product, Cost control, Organizational internal and external issues 
True 
False
 

Manufacturing process involves more than one sub-process. 
True 
False

 

Which of the following decision making approach is followed when some or all of the structural elements of the decision situation are undefined, ill-defined or unknown? 
Semi structured decision making approach 
Structured decision making approach 
Unstructured decision making approachPsychological decision making approach

 

Small organizations usually have complex management structure
True 
False

 

Instead of Information, data is more important in day to day decision making
 

True 
False

 

 “Treat each customer uniquely” is the motto of the entire _________process. 
 

CRM 
Product development 
Marketing 
Promotion

 

Which of the following is a form of automation where computers communicate work instructions directly to the manufacturing machinery? 
 

CAM 
MCA 
CNC 
MRP

[+ M.Tariq Malik]

Question # 2 of 10 ( Start time: 06:43:39 PM ) Total M - 1 
Sources of information are generally categorized in different types depending on their originality and their proximity to the source or origin 
 

True 
False

Information regarding monitoring and controlling the business is provided by ___________ 
 

DSS 
TPS 
MIS 
KSS

 

Which of the following is an organized approach of making choices in complex decision situations through identifying and evaluating creative options? 
 

Structured decision making approach 
Unstructured decision making approach 
Semi structured decision making approach 
Psychological decision making approach

 

The information can also be ranked in accordance with the qualities it has. 
 

True 
False

 

 ____ is the set of interconnected structural elements that provide the framework. 
 

Infrastructure 
System 
Organization 
Internet

 

___________ are created for just one department. 
 

Data marts 
Narrative data models 
Data driven DSS 
Graphical data models

 

CBIS helps in updating every change being triggered in less time and with more effort. 
 

True 
False

 

There is a greater emphasis on models in case of ___________ 
 

KSS 
DSS 
MIS 
TPS

 

According to ___________ model, organizations are not rational. 
 

Rational Man 
Garbage Can 
Muddling through 
Irrational Man

 

There is a greater emphasis on models in case of___________ 
 

KSS 
DSS 
MIS 
TPS 

  for more contents visit

https://vustudents.ning.com/ 

Which of the following have collection of predefined Procedures related to each other in a sequenced logical manner in order to collectively achieve the desired results. 
 

Information System 
System 
Organization 
None of above options 

 

summarizes transactions into multidimensional user defined views 
 

DSS 
MIS 
OLAP 
GDSS 

 

Sources of information are generally categorized in different types depending on their originality and their proximity to the source or origin 
 

True 
False 

 

which of the following organizations all critical managerial positions are usually controlled by the family members. 
 

Medium Size 
LargeSize 
Small Size 
none of these options 

 

The basic purpose behind setting up systems and procedures is to make available information 
 

True 
False 

 

A structure through which individuals cooperate systematically to conduct business called organization. 
 

True 
False 

 

 ___________ models are three dimensional representation of an entity or object. 
 

Narrative 
Physical 
Mathematical 
Graphical

 

Data mining is also known as ___________ in databases 
 

knowledge management 
knowledge processing 
knowledge discovery 
knowledge transfer

 

In _____________ decision making models, decisions result from competition and bargaining among the organization’s interest groups and key leaders. 
 

Rational Man 
Garbage Can 
Political 
Muddling through

Reference

  for more contents visit

https://vustudents.ning.com/ 

[+ M.Tariq Malik]

A system is a group of ------------------------------that are integrated with the common purpose of achieving an objective. 
 

Information 
Data Sets 
Elements 
Data and information

 

The ___________ model is often perceived as political or anti-rational. 
 

Rational Man 
Irrational Man 
Muddling through 
Garbage Can

Reference

 

The set of ____________being discharged set the tone and structure of that department. 
 

responsibilities 
rules 
laws 
processes

 

A structure through which individuals cooperate systematically to conduct business called organization. 
 

True 
False

 

The basic purpose behind setting up systems and procedures is to make available information 
 

True 
False

 

Continue change in work force is harmful for an organization 
 

True 
False

 

In _____________ decision making models, decisions result from competition and bargaining among the organization’s interest groups and key leaders.

Rational Man
Garbage Can
Political
Muddling through

  for more contents visit

https://vustudents.ning.com/

Closed System depends on ________ and data.

Internal resources
External resources
Procedures
Technical resource

 

___________ information system combines benefits administration, payroll, recruiting and training, performance analysis and review into one package.

Manufacturing
Sales
Marketing
Human Resource

 

The organizational structures are formulated in order to efficiently manage the -----

Business Operations
Business Size
Business Cost
Business Processes

 

The set of ____________being discharged set the tone and structure of that department.

responsibilities
rules
laws
processes

 

Generation of relevant data is the objective of every information system

True
False

 Ref : Generation of relevant information is the objective of every information system.

The ___________ model is often perceived as political or anti-rational.

Rational Man
Irrational Man
Muddling through
Garbage Can

 

___________ models represent its entities with an abstraction of lines, symbols or shapes.

Narrative
Physical
Mathematical
Graphical

 

CBIS helps in updating every change being triggered in less time and with more effort.

True
False

 

Data mining is also known as ___________ in databases

knowledge management
knowledge processing
knowledge discovery
knowledge transfer

 

Small organizations usually have complex management structure 
 

True 
False

  for more contents visit

https://vustudents.ning.com/

Every decision we take in daily life requires some sort of information about the alternatives available. 
 

True 
False

 

Which of the following elements exist outside the boundary of the business (Organization) and have the potential to affect all or part of the organization ? 
 

WTO 
Company Ordinance 
Business Environment 
Company Structure

 

Which of the following is the mental process of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning and judgment? 
 

CCN 
Product development process 
Cognitive process 
Planning process

 

The information from the system not used for control purpose called------------------ 
 

Open loop system 
Closed loop system 
Open end System 
Open and close system

 

Instead of Information, data is more important in day to day decision making 
 

True 
False

 

 

Which of the following views organization as a combination of process oriented groups whose information needs are related but independent? 
 

CBIS 
MIS 
DIS 
OIS

 

Distributing common information to every one may result in waste of time and confusion. 
 

True 
False

 

The information can also be ranked in accordance with the qualities it has. 
 

True 
False

 

Semi structured is a gray area which lies _________ the structured and unstructured range.

between
within
across
inside

 

Generation of relevant data is the objective of every information system

True
False

 

__________ information is available in manufacturing information system.

Sales
Purchase
Stock
Product

 

Continue change in work force is harmful for an organization

True
False

 

Cheaper factor of production is a challenge for the survival of a company in which of the following market?

Super market
Online Market
Competitive market
None of these options

  for more contents visit

https://vustudents.ning.com/

Information regarding monitoring and controlling the business is provided by _____________

DSS
TPS
MIS
KSS

 

Closed System depends on ________ and data.

Internal resources
External resources
Procedures
Technical resources

 

_________ includes data preparation which may involve data filtering, data transformations and selecting subsets of records.

Exploration
Deployment
Model building
Stationing

 

It is to be noted that IS and MIS are same.

True
False

 

Existence of __________ departments in every organization varies with the nature of industry and the nature of products/ services being offered. 
 

flat 
horizontal 
functional 
non-functional

 

The concept of incremental decision making is introduced by the ___________ model. 
 

Rational Man 
Garbage Can 
Muddling through 
Irrational Man

 

Which of the following subsystem gives a snapshot of statuses of various orders placed, at any given time? 
 

Quality assurance subsystem 
Order processing subsystem 
Controlled processing subsystem 
Concurrent processing subsystem

 

Procedures are organized in a physical manner to form systems. 
 

True 
False

Ref : Systems have collection of predefined procedures related to each other in a sequenced logical manner in order to collectively achieve the desired results. 

An information system that automatically generates report on regular basis and are not used to monitor input or activities is called 
 

Open loop system 
Closed loop system 
Closed end System 
Open system

[+ M.Tariq Malik]

___________ system can be used to simulate the consequences of each alternative generated. 
 

DSS 
MIS 
EIS 
CNC

 

It is to be noted that IS and MIS are same. 
 

True 
False

 

____ is the set of interconnected structural elements that provide the framework. 
 

Infrastructure 
System 
Organization 
Internet

 

Decision making is the cognitive process of selecting a course of action from among -------alternatives. 
 

Multiple 
Double 
Triple 
None of these options

  for more contents visit

https://vustudents.ning.com/

Information technology is being used to overcome the business issues like, Marketing, Brand of the product, Quality of the product, Cost control, Organizational internal and external issues 
 

True 
False

 

Individuals _____________ to avoid new uncertain alternatives and rely on SOP’s.

prefer
don’t like
deny
refuse

 

Treat each customer uniquely” is the motto of the entire _________ process.

CRM
Product development
Marketing
Promotion

 

The basic purpose behind setting up systems and procedures is to make available information

True
False

 

_______ states that inventory is manufactured or acquired only as the need for it arises.

JET
JIT
JTI
TQM

 

Closed system is dependent on the internal resources and data.

True
False

 

Which of the following decision making approach is followed when the situation is complex and no standard solutions exist for resolving the situation?

Structured decision making approach
Semi structured decision making approach
Psychological decision making approach
Unstructured decision making approach

 

Continue change in work force is harmful for an organization

True
False

 

Which of the following elements exist outside the boundary of the business (Organization) and have the potential to affect all or part of the organization ?

WTO
Company Ordinance
Business Environment
Company Structure

 

Which of the following ethical system differs from secular ethical systems and from the moral code advocated by other religions

Islamic
Christian
Hindu
Social

 

Every industry has its own __________ which gives rise to a different set of sub-systems as part of the information system.

command structure
departmental structure
policies
responsibilities

  for more contents visit

https://vustudents.ning.com/

Which of the following refers to the application of computer software in engineering to analyze the robustness and performance of components, assemblies, products and manufacturing tools?

CEE
CNC
CAE
MRP

 

___________ summarizes transactions into multidimensional user defined views

DSS
MIS
OLAP
GDSS

 

________ is known as the father of warehouse

Stephen hawking
Bill gates
Bill Inmon
Edgar Codd

 

Which of the following is an organized approach of making choices in complex decision situations through identifying and evaluating creative options?

Structured decision making approach
Unstructured decision making approach
Semi structured decision making approach
Psychological decision making approach

 

Which of the following views organization as a combination of process oriented groups whose information needs are related but independent?

CBIS
MIS
DIS
OIS

 

An organization is defined by the elements that are part of it, its communication and its rules of action compared to outside events. 
 

True 
False

 

Decision making is the cognitive process of selecting a course of action from among -------alternatives. 
 

Multiple 
Double 
Triple 
None of these options

 

Medium Sized organizations are normally a family ownership run by 
 

Father and Sons 
Brothers 
Both option a and b 
None of these options

 

___________ summarizes transactions into multidimensional user defined views 
 

DSS 
MIS 
OLAP 
GDSS

 

The -------------------------is an international, multilateral organization, which was created as a result of the Uruguay round of discussion in 1994 to harmonic world trade. 
 

(SAFTA) 
(SAARC) 
(WTO) 
None of above.

 

___________ knowledge refers to the informal internal knowledge, which resides in the minds of the employees but has not been documented in ___________ form 
 

Tacit, structured 
Explicit, Unstructured 
Structured, Unstructured 
Structured, Tacit

 

Which of the following system is linked to all the information systems in an organization?

Marketing information system
Accounting information system
Human resource information system
Manufacturing information system

 

Cheaper factor of production is a challenge for the survival of a company in which of the following market?

Super market
Online Market
Competitive market
None of these options

  for more contents visit

https://vustudents.ning.com/

The organizational structures are formulated in order to efficiently manage the -----

Business Operations
Business Size
Business Cost
Business Processes

 

___________ engine is the database management system (DBMS) of the expert system.

Database
Development
Query
Inference

 

Closed system is dependent on the internal resources and data.

True
False

 

We can get help in non-routine decision making through _____________

KSS
TPS
MIS
DSS

 

In ___________ building, managers attempt to gather more administrative and financial power.

Monarchy
Dynasty
Empire
Territory

 

___________ information system combines benefits administration, payroll, recruiting and training, performance analysis and review into one package.

Manufacturing
Sales
Marketing
Human Resource

 

The -------------------------is an international, multilateral organization, which was created as a result of the Uruguay round of discussion in 1994 to harmonic world trade. 
 

(SAFTA) 
(SAARC) 
(WTO) 
None of above.

 

Which of the following ethical system differs from secular ethical systems and from the moral code advocated by other religions 
 

Islamic 
Christian 
Hindu 
Social

 

A newspaper article is a primary source if it reports events, but a secondary source if it analyses and comments on those events. 
 

True 
False

 

The reports generated by the --------are used for analytical decision making by the management. 
 

MIS 
DSS 
EIS 
TIP

 

___________ system can be used to simulate the consequences of each alternative generated. 
 

DSS 
MIS 
EIS 
CNC

  for more contents visit

https://vustudents.ning.com/

Continue change in work force is harmful for an organization 
 

True 
False

[+ M.Tariq Malik]

Semi structured is a gray area which lies _________ the structured and unstructured range.

between
within
across
inside

 

: In _____________ decision making models, decisions result from competition and bargaining among the organization’s interest groups and key leaders.

Rational Man
Garbage Can
Political
Muddling through

 

(CBIS) stands for --------------------------

Concurrency based information system
Coordination based information System
Control basic information system
Computer Based Information System

 

The ___________ model is often perceived as political or anti-rational.

Rational Man
Irrational Man
Muddling through
Garbage Can

 

Which of the following present information in its original form, neither interpreted nor condensed nor evaluated by other writers ?

Primary information
Secondary information
Tertiary information
Primary information, Secondary information

 

Small organizations usually have complex management structure

True
False

 

Discovering ___________ and ___________ contained within the business activity & history and predict future behavior is the purpose of data mining.

structures, possibilities
structures, patterns
relationships, possibilities
patterns, relationships

  for more contents visit

https://vustudents.ning.com/

Every decision we take in daily life requires some sort of information about the alternatives available.

True
False

 

The ___________ model is often perceived as political or anti-rational.

Rational Man
Irrational Man
Muddling through
Garbage Can

 

The concept of incremental decision making is introduced by the ___________ model.

Rational Man
Garbage Can
Muddling through
Irrational Man

 

Level of ___________ refers to the perfection in solution the model will achieve

depletion
optimization
compression
attenuation

 

The organizational structures are formulated in order to efficiently manage the -----

Business Operations
Business Size
Business Cost
Business Processes

 

 

Treat each customer uniquely” is the motto of the entire _________ process.

CRM
Product development
Marketing
Promotion

 

The concept of incremental decision making is introduced by the ___________ model.

Rational Man
Garbage Can
Muddling through
Irrational Man

 

Procedures are organized in a physical manner to form systems.

True
False

 

In the real world, it is _____________ to specify all of the alternatives and its consequences.

possible
certain
helpful
impossible

 

Which of the following subsystem gives a snapshot of statuses of various orders placed, at any given time?

Quality assurance subsystem
Order processing subsystem
Controlled processing subsystem
Concurrent processing subsystem

 

 

  for more contents visit

https://vustudents.ning.com/

Individuals _____________ to avoid new uncertain alternatives and rely on SOP’s.

prefer
don’t like
deny
refuse

 

Which of the following have collection of predefined Procedures related to each other in a sequenced logical manner in order to collectively achieve the desired results.

Information System
System
Organization
None of above options

 

The organizational structures are formulated in order to efficiently manage the -----

Business Operations
Business Size
Business Cost
Business Processes

 

Quality maintenance is an issue which requires structured reporting.

True
False

 

A system is a group of ------------------------------that are integrated with the common purpose of achieving an objective.

Information
Data Sets
Elements
Data and information

 

Which of the following refers specifically to the computer control of machine tools for the purpose of repeatedly manufacturing complex parts in metal as well as other materials?

MRP
CAE
CCN
CNC

 

Which of the following is the cognitive process of selecting a course of action from among multiple alternatives?

Planning
Decision Making
CNC
MRP

 

Instead of Information, data is more important in day to day decision making

True
False

 

Organization is a group of elements that are integrated with the common purpose of achieving an object.

True
False

 

Every decision we take in daily life requires some sort of information about the alternatives available.

True
False

  for more contents visit

https://vustudents.ning.com/

Which of the following have collection of predefined Procedures related to each other in a sequenced logical manner in order to collectively achieve the desired results.

Information System
System
Organization
None of above options

 

The basic purpose behind setting up systems and procedures is to make available information

True
False

 

Information system must fulfil the needs of the -------------

Customers
Business
Employee
Organization 

To fulfill a need: Information system must fulfill the needs of the business. An organization needs information of its customers, product, market trend, employee information, payroll,manufacturing cost etc. In time information helps the organization launch its product in time to maximize profit.

Which of the following present information in its original form, neither interpreted nor condensed nor evaluated by other writers ?

Primary information
Secondary information
Tertiary information
Primary information, Secondary information

 

Which of the following is a reasoning process that can be rational or irrational, and can be based on explicit or tacit assumptions?

Product development
MRP
Planning
Decision Making

 

Which of the following system is linked to all the information systems in an organization?

Marketing information system
Accounting information system
Human resource information system
Manufacturing information system

 

The ___________ model is often perceived as political or anti-rational.

Rational Man
Irrational Man
Muddling through
Garbage Can

 

: An ___________ representation that illustrates the components or relationships of a phenomenon is called a model

concrete
actual
abstract
tangible

 

A particular technique of directing one’s attention in learning, discovery or problem solving is known as _____________

Trial and error
Heuristics
Critical decision making
Data mining

 

Decision making is the cognitive process of selecting a course of action from among -------alternatives.

Multiple
Double
Triple
None of these options

 

Participative management style approach is a combination of both authoritative and mixed style

True
False

 

_________ system simulates the judgment and behavior of a human or an organization.

Proficient
Expert
Knowledgeable
Open-loop

 

_________ system simulates the judgment and behavior of a human or an organization.

Proficient
Expert
Knowledgeable
Open-loop

[+ M.Tariq Malik]

Existence of __________ departments in every organization varies with the nature of industry and the nature of products/ services being offered.

flat
horizontal
functional
non-functional

 

Which of the following is a system that enables drawings to be constructed on a computer screen and subsequently stored, manipulated and updated electronically?

CDA
MRP
CAD
CNC

 

The practice of checking the impact of a change in the assumptions on the proposed solution is carried out in ___________ analysis.

What-If
Goal Seek
Lexical
Business

 

 

Which of the following subsystem gives a snapshot of statuses of various orders placed, at any given time?

Quality assurance subsystem
Order processing subsystem
Controlled processing subsystem
Concurrent processing subsystem

 

design
choice
intelligence
implementation

 

Which of the following is the mental process of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning and judgment?

CCN
Product development process
Cognitive process
Planning process

 

Which of the following subsystem needs to be linked with the marketing system so as to produce right amount of product?

Human Resource Subsystem
Production subsystem
Accounting & Finance subsystem
Quality Assurance subsystem

 

KSS
TPS
MIS
DSS

  for more contents visit

https://vustudents.ning.com/

Which of the following system is linked to all the information systems in an organization? 
 

Marketing information system 
Accounting information system 
Human resource information system 
Manufacturing information system

 

_______________ is the set of interconnected structural elements that provide the framwork for supporting the entire structure 
 

Management System 
Infrastructure 
Decision Support System 
Transaction processing system

 

We can get help in non-routine decision making through ___________ 
 

KSS 
TPS 
MIS 
DSS

 

Which of the following are original materials on which other research is based? 
 

Primary Sources 
Secondary sources 
Teritiary Sources 
option a and b both

 

Every industry has its own __________ which gives rise to a different set of sub-systems as part of the information system. 
 

command structure 
departmental structure 
policies 
responsibilities

 

In ___________ building, managers attempt to gather more administrative and financial power. 
 

Monarchy 
Dynasty 
Empire 
Territory

 

Instead of Information, data is more important in day to day decision making 
 

True 
False

 

In which of the following organizations all critical managerial positions are usually controlled by the family members. 
 

Medium Size 
LargeSize 
Small Size 
none of these options

 

Small organizations usually have complex management structure 
 

True 
False

 

__________ information is available in manufacturing information system. 
 

Sales 
Purchase 
Stock 
Product

 

______ also has the ability to explain the line of reasoning in reaching a particular solution, which ______ does not have. 
 

DSS, MIS 
OLAP, KSS 
KSS, DSS 
GDSS, DSS

 

The information from the system not used for control purpose called------------------ 
 

Open loop system 
Closed loop system 
Open end System 
Open and close system

 

In the real world, it is _____________ to specify all of the alternatives and its consequences. 
 

possible 
certain 
helpful 
impossible

 

Quality maintenance is an issue which requires structured reporting. 
 

True 
False

________ communication refers to the Information flow from firm to external environment.

Horizontal

Marketing 

Suppliers

Vertical 

Marketing Communication – Info flowing from firm to external environment

 

 

Every decision we take in daily life requires some sort of information about the alternatives available. 
 

True 
False

 

Semi structured is a gray area which lies _________ the structured and unstructured range. 
 

between 
within 
across 
inside

  for more contents visit

https://vustudents.ning.com/

A particular technique of directing one’s attention in learning, discovery or problem solving is known as ___________ 
 

Trial and error 
Heuristics 
Critical decision making 
Data mining

 

Which of the following have collection of predefined Procedures related to each other in a sequenced logical manner in order to collectively achieve the desired results. 
 

Information System 
System 
Organization 
None of above options

 

Which of the following elements exist outside the boundary of the business (Organization) and have the potential to affect all or part of the organization ? 
 

WTO 
Company Ordinance 
Business Environment 
Company Structure

 

“Treat each customer uniquely” is the motto of the entire _________ process. 
 

CRM 
Product development 
Marketing 
Promotion

 

Manufacturing process involves more than one sub-process. 
 

True 
False

 

Procedures are organized in a physical manner to form systems. 
 

True 
False

 

It is to be noted that IS and MIS are same. 
 

True 
False

 

Where problem is recurring and repetitive, the _________ factors can be identified in order to identify a particular course of action. 
 

different 
multiple 
common 
various

 

Medium Sized organizations are normally a family ownership run by 
 

Father and Sons 
Brothers 
Both option a and b 
None of these options

 

CRM software requires highly integrated environment for high _________, which is rarely available. 
 

Sale 
Productivity 
Promotion 
Customer satisfaction

 

Which of the following subsystem needs to be linked with the marketing system so as to produce right amount of product? 
 

Human Resource Subsystem 
Production subsystem 
Accounting & Finance subsystem 
Quality Assurance subsystem

 

According to ___________ model, organizations are not rational. 
 

Rational Man 
Garbage Can 
Muddling through 
Irrational Man

 

We can get help in non-routine decision making through ___________ 
 

KSS 
TPS 
MIS

  dss

 

Organizations can be distinguished on the basis of following criteria /criterias 
 

Organizational structure 
Culture of the Organizations 
Management Style and Decision Making Style 
option a , b and c

 

The information from the system not used for control purpose called------------------ 
 

Open loop system 
Closed loop system 
Open end System 
Open and close system

 

___________ models represent its entities with an abstraction of lines, symbols or shapes. 
 

Narrative 
Physical 
Mathematical 
Graphical

 

Every decision we take in daily life requires some sort of information about the alternatives available. 
 

True 
False

 

The information can also be ranked in accordance with the qualities it has. 
 

True 
False

 

Individuals _____________ to avoid new uncertain alternatives and rely on SOP’s. 
 

prefer 
don’t like 
deny 
refuse

 

Which of the following is a form of automation where computers communicate work instructions directly to the manufacturing machinery? 
 

CAM 
MCA 
CNC 
MRP

 

Which of the following elements exist outside the boundary of the business (Organization) and have the potential to affect all or part of the organization ? 
 

WTO 
Company Ordinance 
Business Environment 
Company Structure

 

________ is known as the father of warehouse 
 

Stephen hawking 
Bill gates 
Bill Inmon 
Edgar Codd

 

A hierarchical organization is structured in a way such that every entity in the organization, except one, is subordinate to a single other entity. 
 

True 
False

 

The basic purpose behind setting up systems and procedures is to make available information 

True 
False

 

Which of the following is a form of automation where computers communicate work instructions directly to the manufacturing machinery? 
 

CAM 
MCA 
CNC 
MRP

 

Every decision we take in daily life requires some sort of information about the alternatives available. 
 

True 
False

 

Organization is a group of elements that are integrated with the common purpose of achieving an object. 
 

True 
False

 

Which of the following is software based production planning and inventory control system for material procurement and scheduling.  
CAD 
PRM 
MRI 
MRP

 

Closed system is dependent on the internal resources and data. 
 

True

FALSE

 

Which of the following is the mental process of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning and judgment? 
 

CCN 
Product development process 
Cognitive process 
Planning process

 

Well structured problems are constrained problems with _________ solutions that engage the application of a limited number of rules and principles within well defined parameters. 
divergent 
convergent 
different 
disparate

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CS507 Information Systems Quiz # 2 solved

Question # 1 of 10   Total M - 1 

In which of the following models the phases are in a cascading manner linking the output of one to the input of next phase. 

 Rapid prototyping

 Spiral

 Waterfall PAGE 83

 Extreme programming

 Question # 2 of 10 ( Start time: 01:55:54 AM )  Total M - 1 

If a flow chart become complex it is better to use connector symbols to reduce to number of flow lines. 

 True PAGE 98

 False

Question # 3 of 10 ( Start time: 01:57:17 AM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following addresses the availability of sufficient technology to support the proposed project? 

 Operational feasibility

 Economic feasibility

 Tactical feasibility

 Technical feasibility PAGE 73
 

Question # 4 of 10 

Which of the following process is concluded by recommending a monitoring and control mechanism? 

 Designing

 Analyzing

 Planning  PAGE 67

 Implementation 

 Question # 5 of 10 ( Start time: 01:58:25 AM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following model can lead to scope creep due to user feedback after each phase? 

 

 Iterative  PAGE 71

 XP

 Rapid prototyping

 Waterfall

Question # 6 of 10 ( Start time: 01:59:14 AM )  Total M - 1 

In ____________ model, software is constructed step by step in the same way a building is constructed. 

Select correct option: 

 https://vustudents.ning.com/

 Spiral

 Incremental PAGE 69

 Extreme programming

 Waterfall

Question # 7 of 10 ( Start time: 01:59:43 AM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following is the core product which usually addresses the basic requirements of the system? 

 First increment PAGE 85

 Second increment

 Last increment

 Final increment

Question # 8 of 10 ( Start time: 02:00:15 AM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following enunciate business goals and the actions that need to be initiated to achieve those goals including related benefits, resources and timeframes? 

 Organizing

 Monitoring

Plans PAGE 67

 Implementation

Question # 9 of 10 ( Start time: 02:00:50 AM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following defines the operations of the system in layman’s terms? 

 User manual PAGE 82

 Technical manual

 Procedural manual

 Testing manual

 

Question # 10 of 10 ( Start time: 02:01:22 AM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following view gives a quick understanding of the business processes and flows? 

 Procedural

 Abstract

 Internal

 Diagrammatic PAGE 96

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CS507 Quiz # 2

Question # 1 of 10 ( Start time: 01:15:40 AM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following model places emphasis on documentation? 

Select correct option: 

 

 Waterfall PAGE 83

 Spiral

 Incremental

 Rapid prototyping

 

 https://vustudents.ning.com/

 

Question # 2 of 10 ( Start time: 01:16:32 AM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following is the process of quickly putting together a working model in order to test various aspects of the design for gathering early user feedback? 

Select correct option: 

 

 Interviews

 Iteration

 Prototyping PAGE 89

 Questionnaires

 

 

    

Question # 3 of 10 ( Start time: 01:17:16 AM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following lifecycle model is very appropriate for large and complex information systems? 

Select correct option: 

 

 Spiral PAGE 88

 Prototyping

 Incremental

Waterfall

 

 

Question # 4 of 10 ( Start time: 01:17:53 AM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following lifecycle model is a combination of classic waterfall model and aspects of risk analysis? 

Select correct option: 

 

 Prototyping

 Waterfall

 Spiral PAGE 88

 Incremental

 

 

 

 

Question # 5 of 10 ( Start time: 01:18:32 AM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following process begins with stratifying system users and then identifying their needs? 

Select correct option: 

 

 Structuring

 QA

 Exploration

 Design  PAGE 81

 

 

Question # 6 of 10 ( Start time: 01:19:12 AM )  Total M - 1 

In which of the following models, the development approach is based on producing deliverables frequently/ repetitively. 

Select correct option: 

 

 Incremental

 Waterfall

 Iterative  PAGE 86

 XP

 

 

Question # 7 of 10 ( Start time: 01:20:13 AM )  Total M - 1 

Trying to fit people and organizations into information systems has been major reason for ____________. 

Select correct option: 

 

 success

 efficiency

 increased productivity

 failure PAGE 76

 

 

Question # 8 of 10 ( Start time: 01:21:00 AM )  Total M - 1 

Employees might be unwilling to accept the high level of responsibility if organization is dominated by _____________and the culture is ____________. 

Select correct option: 

 

 Workers, autocratic

 top management, autocratic PAGE 77

 top management, democratic

 Middle level management, democratic

 

 

     

 

Question # 9 of 10 ( Start time: 01:21:53 AM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following view gives a quick understanding of the business processes and flows? 

Select correct option: 

 

 Procedural

 Abstract

 Internal

 Diagrammatic PAGE 96

 

 

Question # 10 of 10 ( Start time: 01:23:24 AM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following provides a structured means of addressing the impact of technologies on an organization? 

Select correct option: 

 

 Business planning

 IT planning  PAGE 67

 Requirements planning

 Configuration planning

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CS507 Quiz # 2

Question # 1 of 10 ( Start time: 08:53:47 AM )             Total M - 1

In ____________ model, software is constructed step by step in the same way a building is constructed.

 Select correct option:

Spiral

 

Incremental     Page No. 79

 

Extreme programming

 

Waterfall       

           

Question # 2 of 10 ( Start time: 08:54:23 AM )             Total M - 1

Which of the following model can lead to scope creep due to user feedback after each phase?

 Select correct option:

 

 

Iterative    Page No. 96

 

XP

 

Rapid prototyping

 

Waterfall

 

Question # 3 of 10 ( Start time: 08:55:06 AM )             Total M - 1

Which of the following addresses the availability of sufficient technology to support the proposed project?

 Select correct option:

 

 

Operational feasibility

 

Economic feasibility

 

Tactical feasibility

 

Technical feasibility            Page No. 83

                       

Question # 4 of 10 ( Start time: 08:55:44 AM )             Total M - 1

Trying to fit people and organizations into information systems has been major reason for ____________.

 Select correct option:

 

 

success

 

efficiency

 

increased productivity

 

Failure       Page No.86     

 

Question # 5 of 10 ( Start time: 08:56:28 AM )             Total M - 1

In drawing a proper flowchart, all necessary steps that are a part of process should be listed out in ________________ order.

 Select correct option:

 

 

Logical            Page No. 109

 

Physical

 

Random

 

Top to Bottom                    

 

Question # 6 of 10 ( Start time: 08:57:01 AM )             Total M - 1

In which of the following model, the system development is broken into many mini development projects.

 Select correct option:

 

 

Spiral

 

Incremental           Page No. 95

 

Iterative

 

Waterfal                    

 

 

Question # 7 of 10 ( Start time: 08:57:53 AM )             Total M - 1

Which of the following are knowledge workers who facilitate the development of information systems and computer applications by bridging the communications gap that exists between non-technical system users, and System designers and developers?

 Select correct option:

 

 

System Analysts        Page No. 103

 

Software Engineers

 

System Designers

 

Chief Executives                           

 

 

Question # 8 of 10 ( Start time: 08:58:29 AM )             Total M - 1

Which of the following is a project management technique which divides complex projects into smaller and more easily managed segments?

 Select correct option:

 

 

SDLC          Page No. 78

 

System programming

 

Software testing

 

Software configuration

 

Question # 9 of 10 ( Start time: 08:59:22 AM )             Total M - 1

Apart from the value to cost ratio, modules are also selected on the basis of ___________requirements and needs.

 Select correct option:

 

 

programmer

 

designer

 

Customer           Page No. 95

 

system analyst                               

 

Question # 10 of 10 ( Start time: 09:00:14 AM )          Total M - 1

Which of the following ensures the correctness of data in the database?

 Select correct option:

 

 

Data integrity          Page No. 104

 

Data accessibility

 

Data consistency

 

Data analysis

 

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CS507 Information Systems Solved MCQs

In drawing a proper flowchart, all necessary steps that are a part of process should be listed out in ________________ order.
Logical Page No. 109

Physical
Random
Top to Bottom

Which of the following is a problem solving technique that re-assembles a system’s components back into a complete system?
System analysis
System design Page No. 93

System check
System configuration

The study of business problem domain is used to recommend improvements and specify the business requirements for the solution.
True Page No. 102

False

Which of the following may be of low fidelity and dismissed as toys?
Interfaces
Inference engines
Early prototypes Page No. 101
Development engines

Which of the following refers to the structuring of hardware and software to achieve the effective and efficient processing of information?
SDLC
System monitoring
Operational planning
System development Page No. 78

Which of the following allows manufacturers to rapidly and inexpensively test the parts of the design which are most likely to have problems?
Physical Model
Prototype Page No. 100

Trial version
Carbon copy

Which of the following are knowledge workers who facilitate the development of information systems and computer applications by bridging the communications gap that exists between non-technical system users, and System designers and developers?

System Analysts Page No. 103

Software Engineers
System Designers
Chief Executives

Which of the following provides a structured means of addressing the impact of technologies on an organization?
Business planning
IT planning Page No. 67
Requirements planning
Configuration planning

Employees might be unwilling to accept the high level of responsibility if organization is dominated by _____________and the culture is ____________.
Workers, autocratic
top management, autocratic Page No. 87
top management, democratic
Middle level management, democratic

In which of the following environments, duplication of clerical work is generally observed.
Computerized
Automated
Manual Page No. 102
Semi-computerized

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CS507 Quiz # 2 

Question # 1 of 10 ( Start time: 01:15:40 AM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following model places emphasis on documentation? 

Select correct option: 

1.       Waterfall       PAGE 93

2.       Spiral

3.       Incremental

4.       Rapid prototyping 

Question # 2 of 10 ( Start time: 01:16:32 AM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following is the process of quickly putting together a working model in order to test various aspects of the design for gathering early user feedback? 

Select correct option: 

Interviews

2.       Iteration

3.       Prototyping PAGE 99

4.       Questionnaires      

Question # 3 of 10 ( Start time: 01:17:16 AM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following life cycle model is very appropriate for large and complex information systems? 

Select correct option:

Spiral     PAGE 98

2.       Prototyping

3.       Incremental

4.       Waterfall 

Question # 4 of 10 ( Start time: 01:17:53 AM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following lifecycle model is a combination of classic waterfall model and aspects of risk analysis? 

Select correct option:  

Prototyping

2.       Waterfall

3.       Spiral          PAGE 98

4.       Incremental 

Question # 5 of 10 ( Start time: 01:18:32 AM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following process begins with stratifying system users and then identifying their needs? 

Select correct option:  

Structuring

2.       QA

3.       Exploration

4.       Design             PAGE 91

Question # 6 of 10 ( Start time: 01:19:12 AM )  Total M - 1 

In which of the following models, the development approach is based on producing deliverables frequently/ repetitively. 

Select correct option:  

Incremental

2.       Waterfall

3.       Iterative  PAGE 96

4.       XP

 Question # 7 of 10 ( Start time: 01:20:13 AM )  Total M - 1 

Trying to fit people and organizations into information systems has been major reason for ____________. 

 Select correct option:

 success

2.       efficiency

3.       increased productivity

4.       failure           PAGE 86

Question # 8 of 10 ( Start time: 01:21:00 AM )  Total M - 1 

Employees might be unwilling to accept the high level of responsibility if organization is dominated by _____________and the culture is ____________. 

Select correct option:  

 Workers, autocratic

2.       top management, autocratic              PAGE 87

3.        top management, democratic

4.       Middle level management, democratic

Question # 9 of 10 ( Start time: 01:21:53 AM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following view gives a quick understanding of the business processes and flows? 

Select correct option:

Procedural

2.       Abstract

3.       Internal

4.       Diagrammatic        PAGE 106

Question # 10 of 10 ( Start time: 01:23:24 AM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following provides a structured means of addressing the impact of technologies on an organization? 

Select correct option:  

Business planning

2.       IT planning          PAGE 77

3.       Requirements planning

4.       Configuration planning

Question # 1 of 10 ( Start time: 08:53:47 AM )       Total M - 1

In ____________ model, software is constructed step by step in the same way a building is constructed.

Select correct option

Spiral

2.       Incremental    (Page no.79)

3.       Extreme programming

4.       Waterfall

Question # 2 of 10 ( Start time: 08:54:23 AM )       Total M - 1

Which of the following model can lead to scope creep due to user feedback after each phase?

Select correct option

 Iterative  Page No.96

2.       XP

3.       Rapid prototyping

4.       Waterfall

Question # 3 of 10 ( Start time: 08:55:06 AM )       Total M - 1

Which of the following addresses the availability of sufficient technology to support the proposed project?

Select correct option:  

 

Operational feasibility

2.       Economic feasibility

3.       Tactical feasibility

4.       Technical feasibility   Page no.86

Question # 4 of 10 ( Start time: 08:55:44 AM )       Total M - 1

Trying to fit people and organizations into information systems has been major reason for ____________.

Select correct option

success

2.       efficiency

3.       increased productivity

4.       failure

Question # 5 of 10 ( Start time: 08:56:28 AM )       Total M - 1

In drawing a proper flowchart, all necessary steps that are a part of process should be listed out in ________________ order.

 Select correct option:

Logical      Page no.106

2.       Physical

3.       Random

4.       Top to Bottom

Question # 6 of 10 ( Start time: 08:57:01 AM )       Total M -1

In which of the following model, the system development is broken into many mini development projects.

Select correct option:

Spiral

2.       Incremental

3.       Iterative

4.       Waterfall

QuQuestion # 7 of 10 ( Start time: 08:57:53 AM )       Total M - 1

Which of the following are knowledge workers who facilitate the development of information systems and computer applications by bridging the communications gap that exists between non-technical system users, and System designers and developers?

 Select correct option:

 

 

 

 

1.       System Analysts

2.       Software Engineers

3.       System Designers

4.       Chief Executives

 

Question # 8 of 10 ( Start time: 08:58:29 AM )       Total M - 1

 

Which of the following is a project management technique which divides complex projects into smaller and more easily managed segments?

 Select correct option:

 

 

 

 

1.       SDLC

2.       System programming 

3.       Software testing

4.       Software configuration

 

Question # 9 of 10 ( Start time: 08:59:22 AM )       Total M - 1

 

Apart from the value to cost ratio, modules are also selected on the basis of ___________requirements and needs.

 Select correct option:

 

1.       programmer

2.       designer

3.       customer

4.       system analyst

 Question # 10 of 10 ( Start time: 09:00:14 AM )    Total M - 1

Which of the following ensures the correctness of data in the database?

 Select correct option:

 

1.       Data integrity

2.       Data accessibility

3.       Data consistency

4.       Data analysis

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Question # 1 of 10 ( Start time: 01:53:48 AM )  Total M - 1 

 

https://vustudents.ning.com/

In which of the following models the phases are in a cascading manner linking the output of one to the input of next phase. 

Select correct option:   

1.       Rapid prototyping

2.       Spiral

3.       Waterfall PAGE 83

4.       Extreme programming

Question # 2 of 10 ( Start time: 01:55:54 AM )  Total M - 1 

If a flow chart become complex it is better to use connector symbols to reduce to number of flow lines. 

Select correct option: 

 

1.       True PAGE 98

2.       False 

Question # 3 of 10 ( Start time: 01:57:17 AM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following addresses the availability of sufficient technology to support the proposed project? 

Select correct option: 

 

1.       Operational feasibility

2.       Economic feasibility

3.       Tactical feasibility

4.       Technical feasibility PAGE 73

 Question # 4 of 10 ( Start time: 01:57:46 AM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following process is concluded by recommending a monitoring and control mechanism? 

Select correct option: 

 

1.       Designing

2.       Analyzing

3.       Planning  PAGE 67

4.       Implementation 

 Question # 5 of 10 ( Start time: 01:58:25 AM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following model can lead to scope creep due to user feedback after each phase? 

Select correct option: 

 https://vustudents.ning.com/

1.       Iterative  PAGE 71

2.       XP

3.       Rapid prototyping

4.       Waterfall     

Question # 6 of 10 ( Start time: 01:59:14 AM )  Total M - 1 

In ____________ model, software is constructed step by step in the same way a building is constructed. 

Select correct option: 

 

1.       Spiral

2.       Incremental PAGE 69

3.       Extreme programming

4.       Waterfall 

Question # 7 of 10 ( Start time: 01:59:43 AM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following is the core product which usually addresses the basic requirements of the system? 

Select correct option: 

 

1.       First increment PAGE 85

2.       Second increment

3.       Last increment

4.       Final increment

Question # 8 of 10 ( Start time: 02:00:15 AM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following enunciate business goals and the actions that need to be initiated to achieve those goals including related benefits, resources and timeframes? 

Select correct option: 

 

1.       Organizing

2.       Monitoring

3.       Plans PAGE 67

4.       Implementation 

Question # 9 of 10 ( Start time: 02:00:50 AM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following defines the operations of the system in layman’s terms? 

Select correct option: 

 

1.       User manual PAGE 82

2.       Technical manual

3.       Procedural manual

4.       Testing manual 

Question # 10 of 10 ( Start time: 02:01:22 AM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following view gives a quick understanding of the business processes and flows? 

Select correct option: 

 

1.       Procedural

2.       Abstract

3.       Internal

4.       Diagrammatic PAGE 96

Question # 1 of 10 ( Start time: 01:10:31 PM )  Total M - 1

Which of the following may lead management and customers to believe that the final product is almost ready for delivery? 

Select correct option:  

1.       Mockups

2.       Efficient models

3.       Malfunctioning prototypes

4.       Working prototypes

 

Question # 2 of 10 ( Start time: 01:10:31 PM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following phase involves converting design specifications into executable programs? 

Select correct option:  

 

1.       Prototyping

 

2.       Configuration

3.       Development 

4.       Testing

 Question # 3 of 10 ( Start time: 01:11:54 PM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following model can lead to scope creep due to user feedback after each phase? 

Select correct option: 

 

1.       Iterative 

2.       XP

3.       Rapid prototyping

4.       Waterfall

Question # 4 of 10 ( Start time: 01:12:20 PM )  Total M - 1 

A problem solving technique that decomposes a system into its component pieces for the purpose of studying, how well those component parts work and interact to accomplish their purpose can be one of the definitions of System development. 

Select correct option:  

1.       True

2.       False

Question # 5 of 10 ( Start time: 01:13:05 PM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following model places emphasis on documentation? 

Select correct option:  

 

1.       Waterfall

 

2.       Spiral

3.       Incremental

4.       Rapid prototyping

 Question # 6 of 10 ( Start time: 01:13:27 PM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following provides a structured means of addressing the impact of technologies on an organization? 

Select correct option:  

1.       Business planning

2.       IT planning 

3.       Requirements planning

4.       Configuration planning

Question # 7 of 10 ( Start time: 01:14:01 PM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following enunciate business goals and the actions that need to be initiated to achieve those goals including related benefits, resources and timeframes? 

Select correct option:  

1.       Organizing

2.       Monitoring

3.       Plans

4.       Implementation

Question # 8 of 10 ( Start time: 01:14:48 PM )  Total M - 1 

In which of the following model, working functionality is produced earlier. 

Select correct option:  

1.       Waterfall

2.       Iterative

3.       Incremental 

4.       Spiral 

Question # 9 of 10 ( Start time: 01:16:20 PM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following model is preferred for its simplicity and more disciplined approach? 

Select correct option:  

1.       Incremental

2.       Waterfall

3.       Spiral

4.       Iterative 

Question # 10 of 10 ( Start time: 01:17:24 PM )  Total M - 1 

Apart from the value to cost ratio, modules are also selected on the basis of ___________requirements and needs. 

Select correct option:  

1.       programmer

2.       designer

3.       customer

4.       system analyst

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Question # 1 of 10 ( Start time: 01:45:02 PM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following involves converting the informational, functional and network requirements idenfiied during the initiation and planning phases into unified design specifications? 

Select correct option:  

1.       SRS

2.       System design  

3.       Database design

4.       Prototyping

 

Question # 2 of 10 ( Start time: 01:45:58 PM )  Total M - 1 

 

Which of the following defines the operations of the system in layman’s terms? 

Select correct option:  

1.       User manual

2.       Technical manual

3.       Procedural manual

4.       Testing manual

 

Question # 3 of 10 ( Start time: 01:46:29 PM )  Total M - 1 

In ____________ model, software is constructed step by step in the same way a building is constructed. 

Select correct option: 

 

1.       Spiral

2.       Incremental

3.       Extreme programming

4.       Waterfall

 

Question # 4 of 10 ( Start time: 01:46:54 PM )  Total M - 1 

Trying to fit people and organizations into information systems has been major reason for ____________. 

Select correct option:  

1.       success

2.       efficiency

3.       increased productivity

4.       failure

 

Question # 5 of 10 ( Start time: 01:47:19 PM )  Total M - 1 

Prototypes are used in: 

Select correct option:  

1.       Iterative models   

2.       Incremental models

3.       Waterfall models

4.       Extreme programming

 

Question # 6 of 10 ( Start time: 01:48:14 PM )  Total M - 1 

_________ provide a direction and framework for action while __________ planning is an accepted responsibility of management. 

Select correct option:  

1.       Businesses, plan  

2.       Plans, quality

3.       Configuration, system

4.       Plans, business

 Question # 7 of 10 ( Start time: 01:49:30 PM )  Total M - 1  

Which of the following model is the earliest one? 

Select correct option:  

1.       Waterfall 

2.       Rapid prototyping

3.       Extreme programming

4.       Spiral

 

Question # 8 of 10 ( Start time: 01:50:58 PM )  Total M - 1 

Data updates in master file will automatically update the data in the whole system, refers to data ______________. 

Select correct option:  

1.       analysis

2.       accessibility

3.       integrity

4.       consistency

 

Question # 9 of 10 ( Start time: 01:51:45 PM )  Total M - 1 

 

In which of the following models, the development approach is based on producing deliverables frequently/ repetitively. 

Select correct option:  

1.       Incremental

2.       Waterfall

3.       Iterative 

4.       XP

Question # 10 of 10 ( Start time: 01:52:22 PM )  Total M - 1 

Which of the following may lead management and customers to believe that the final product is almost ready for delivery? 

Select correct option:  

1.       Mockups

2.       Efficient models

3.       Malfunctioning prototypes

4.       Working prototypes