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Glossary MGT111 Introduction to Public Administration
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SATISFICING : | The process of decision making that characterizes most governmental action; a limited search through familiar patterns of behavior for a course of action that meets pre-established, minimum standards of performance, rather than an exhaustive review of all alternatives in search of the optimal solution to a particular problem. |
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT : | A formal theory of organization developed by Frederick Taylor in the early 1900s; concerned with achieving efficiency in production, rational work procedures, maximum productivity, and profit; focused on management's responsibilities and on "scientifically" developed work procedures, based on "time and motion" studies. |
SPECIAL DISTRICTS : | Local governments created for a specific purpose within a specific area. |
SPAN OF CONTROL : | One of the early principles of administration which states that there is an upper limit to the number of subordinates any administrator can directly supervise, generally set at twelve, and advises administrators to eliminate any violations of this principle by reducing the number of officials reporting to them by either merging certain offices or stretching out the hierarchy. |
STAKEHOLDERS : | The many different persons or interest groups that are involved in a policy decision and are affected by the results. |
STRATEGIC PLANNING : | Matching organizational objectives and capabilities to the anticipated demands of the environment to produce a plan of action that will ensure achievement of objectives. |
SUBGOVERNMENTS : | The tendency of bureaucrats to seek political support for their programs by building informal alliances outside of the official hierarchy with groups that possess resources the bureaucrats lack, primarily with legislative committees and organized interest or pressure groups (also known as iron triangles). |
SUNSET LAW : | Provision that sets a specific termination date for a program. |
SUPPLEMENTAL APPROPRIATION : | Bill passed during the fiscal year, adding new money to an agency's budget for the same fiscal year. |
ZERO-BASE BUDGETING : | Budget format that presents information about the efficiency and effectiveness of existing programs and highlights possibilities for eliminating or reducing programs by assuming that the minimum funding level for the agency is zero, thereby requiring agency administrators to justify all expenditures by the same standard of review that normally are applied only to new programs or increments above the base. |
MODERN ORGANIZATION THEORY : | A body of theory emphasizing empirical examination of organizational behavior, interdisciplinary research employing varied approaches, and attempts to arrive at generalizations applicable to many different kinds of organizations. |
NATIONAL CONSUMPTION TAX : | Federal taxes levied on the consumption of goods and services. |
NATIONAL DEBT : | The sum of all unpaid public debt. |
NEGATIVE INCOME TAX POLICY : | Provides a minimum amount of income for all members of society. |
NET INTEREST EXPENDITURES : | NET INTEREST EXPENDITURES: Interest expenses from borrowing less the interest fees from lending. |
NEW PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION : | A general movement inspired mainly by younger scholars who challenged several tenets of public administration, primarily the emphasis upon value-neutrality in administrative research and practice, and appealed to scholars and practitioners to take a more proactive role, guided not only by the search for efficiency, but by a sensitivity to the forces of change, the needs of clients, and the problems of social equity in service delivery. |
PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY : | A political and philosophical belief in direct involvement by affected citizens in the processes of governmental decision making; believed by some to be essential to the existence of democratic government; related term is citizen participation. |
PUBLIC-CHOICE ECONOMICS : | An approach to public administration based on micro-economic theory which views the citizen as a consumer of government goods and services and would attempt to maximize administrative responsiveness to citizen demand by creating a market system for governmental activities in which public agencies would compete to provide citizens with goods and services. This would replace the current system under which administrative agencies in effect act as monopolies under the influence of organized pressure groups which, the public-choice economists argue, are institutionally incapable of representing the demands of individual citizens. |
SPOILS SYSTEM : | A system of hiring personnel based on political loyalty and connections; can also extend to government contracts and the like; usually takes the form of rewarding party supporters with government jobs. |
SYSTEM : | Set of regularized interactions configured or "bounded" in a way that differentiates and separates them from other actions that constitute the system's environment. |
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JAZAKALLAH kher sir
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